The Constitution of India

1. Part I: The Union and Its Territory (Articles 1-4)

• Union and Territory
  • Article 1: Name and Territory of the Union
  • Article 2: Admission or Establishment of New States
  • Article 3: Formation of New States and Alteration of Areas, Boundaries, or Names of Existing States
  • Article 4: Laws Made Under Article 2 and 3 to Provide for the Amendment of the First and the Fourth Schedules and Supplemental, Incidental, and Consequential Provisions

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2. Part II: Citizenship (Articles 5-11)

• Citizenship
  • Article 5: Citizenship at the Commencement of the Constitution
  • Article 6: Rights of Citizenship of Certain Persons Who Have Migrated to India from Pakistan
  • Article 7: Rights of Citizenship of Certain Persons of Indian Origin Resident in Pakistan
  • Article 8: Rights of Citizenship of Certain Persons of Indian Origin Resident Outside India
  • Article 9: Persons Voluntarily Acquiring Citizenship of a Foreign State Not to be Citizens
  • Article 10: Continuance of Citizenship
  • Article 11: Parliament to Regulate the Right of Citizenship by Law

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3. Part III: Fundamental Rights (Articles 12-35)

• General Provisions
  • Article 12: Definition
  • Article 13: Laws Inconsistent with or in Derogation of the Fundamental Rights
• Right to Equality
  • Article 14: Equality Before Law
  • Article 15: Prohibition of Discrimination on Grounds of Religion, Race, Caste, Sex, or Place of Birth
  • Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Matters of Public Employment
  • Article 17: Abolition of Untouchability
  • Article 18: Abolition of Titles
• Right to Freedom
  • Article 19: Protection of Certain Rights Regarding Freedom of Speech, etc.
  • Article 20: Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences
  • Article 21: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty
  • Article 21A: Right to Education
  • Article 22: Protection Against Arrest and Detention in Certain Cases
• Right Against Exploitation
  • Article 23: Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Beggar and Other Similar Forms of Exploitation
  • Article 24: Prohibition of Employment of Children in Factories, etc.
• Right to Freedom of Religion
  • Article 25: Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice, and Propagation of Religion
  • Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs
  • Article 27: Freedom as to Payment of Taxes for Promotion of Any Religion
  • Article 28: Freedom as to Attendance at Religious Instruction or Religious Worship in Certain Educational Institutions
• Cultural and Educational Rights
  • Article 29: Protection of Interests of Minorities
  • Article 30: Right of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions
• Right to Constitutional Remedies
  • Article 32: Remedies for Enforcement of Rights Conferred by this Part
  • Article 33: Power of Parliament to Modify the Rights Conferred by this Part in their Application to Forces
  • Article 34: Restriction on Rights Conferred by this Part While Martial Law is in Force
  • Article 35: Laws Made by Parliament to Give Effect to the Provisions of this Part

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4. Part IV: Directive Principles of State Policy (Articles 36-51)

• General Principles
  • Article 36: Definition
  • Article 37: Application of the Principles in this Part
  • Article 38: State to Secure a Social Order for the Promotion of the Welfare of the People
  • Article 39: Certain Principles of Policy to be Followed by the State
  • Article 40: Organisation of Village Panchayats
  • Article 41: Right to Work, to Education, and to Public Assistance in Certain Cases
  • Article 42: Provision for Just and Humane Conditions of Work and Maternity Relief
  • Article 43: Living Wage, etc., for Workers
  • Article 44: Uniform Civil Code for the Citizens
  • Article 45: Provision for Early Childhood Care and Education for Children
  • Article 46: Promotion of Educational and Economic Interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Weaker Sections
  • Article 47: Duty of the State to Raise the Level of Nutrition and the Standard of Living
  • Article 48: Organization of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
  • Article 48A: Protection and Improvement of Environment and Safeguarding of Forests and Wildlife
  • Article 49: Protection of Monuments and Places and Objects of Artistic or Historic Interest
  • Article 50: Separation of Judiciary from Executive
  • Article 51: Promotion of International Peace and Security

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5. Part V: The Union (Articles 52-151)

• The Executive
  • Article 52: President of India
  • Article 53: Executive Power of the Union
  • Article 54: Election of President
  • Article 55: Manner of Election of President
  • Article 56: Term of Office of President
  • Article 57: Eligibility for Reelection
  • Article 58: Qualifications for Election as President
  • Article 59: Conditions of President’s Office
  • Article 60: Oath or Affirmation by the President
• The Council of Ministers
  • Article 61: Procedure for Impeachment of the President
  • Article 62: Time of Holding Election to Fill Vacancy in the Office of President
  • Article 63: Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise President
  • Article 64: Vice-President to be Ex-Officio Chairman of the Council of States
  • Article 65: Discharge of the Functions of the President in Certain Cases
  • Article 66: Election of Vice-President
• Legislative Powers
  • Article 67: Term of Office of the Vice-President
  • Article 68: Time of Holding Elections to the House of the People
  • Article 69: Oath or Affirmation by the Vice-President
  • Article 70: Discharge of Functions of the President in Certain Cases
• Parliament
  • Article 71: Matters Related to the President’s Election
  • Article 72: Power of President to Grant Pardons, etc.,
  • Article 73: Extent of Executive Power of the Union
  • Article 74: Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise President
• The Judiciary
  • Article 75: Other Provisions as to Ministers
  • Article 76: Attorney General for India
  • Article 77: Conduct of Business of the Government of India
  • Article 78: Duties of Prime Minister in Respect of the Furnishing of Information to the President
• The States
  • Article 79: Constitution of Parliament
  • Article 80: Composition of the Council of States
  • Article 81: Composition of the House of the People
• Elections and Voting
  • Article 82: Readjustment After Each Census
  • Article 83: Duration of Houses of Parliament
• Legislative Powers
  • Article 84: Qualification for Membership of Parliament
  • Article 85: Sessions of Parliament, Prorogation and Dissolution
  • Article 86: Rights of President Regarding Summoning Parliament
• Procedures
  • Article 87: Special Address by the President
  • Article 88: Rights of Ministers to Attend and Speak in Parliament
  • Article 89: Provisions Regarding Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen
• Miscellaneous
  • Article 90: Provisions Regarding Legislative Assembly and Councils
  • Article 91: Provisions Regarding Legislative Councils
  • Article 92: Provisions Regarding the Speaker
  • Article 93: Provisions Regarding Deputy Speaker
• Laws and Amendments
  • Article 94: Provisions Regarding Other Matters
  • Article 95: Provisions Regarding Speaker Pro Tem
  • Article 96: Provisions Regarding Voting
  • Article 97: Provisions Regarding Amendment of Laws
  • Article 98: Provisions Regarding Limitations on Legislative Authority
  • Article 99: Provisions Regarding Reports of Committees
• Judicial Review and Powers
  • Article 100: Provisions Regarding Voting and Procedures
  • Article 101: Provisions Regarding Restrictions on Voting

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6. Part VI: The States (Articles 152-237)

• The Executive
  • Article 152: Definition
  • Article 153: Governors of States
  • Article 154: Executive Power of the State
  • Article 155: Appointment of Governors
  • Article 156: Term of Office of Governors
  • Article 157: Qualifications for Appointment as Governor
• Legislature
  • Article 158: Conditions of Governor’s Office
  • Article 159: Oath or Affirmation by the Governor
  • Article 160: Discharge of Functions of the Governor
  • Article 161: Power of Governor to Grant Pardons, etc.
  • Article 162: Extent of Executive Power of State
• Elections and Assembly
  • Article 163: Council of Ministers to Aid and Advise Governor
  • Article 164: Other Provisions as to Ministers
  • Article 165: Advocate General for the State
  • Article 166: Conduct of Business of the Government of a State
• Legislative Assembly
  • Article 167: Duties of Chief Minister
  • Article 168: Constitution of Legislatures in the States
  • Article 169: Abolition or Creation of Legislative Councils
  • Article 170: Composition of Legislative Assemblies
• Council of Ministers
  • Article 171: Composition of Legislative Councils
  • Article 172: Duration of State Legislatures
  • Article 173: Qualification for Membership of the Legislative Assembly
• Elections and Voting
  • Article 174: Sessions of State Legislatures, Prorogation, and Dissolution
  • Article 175: Special Address by the Governor
  • Article 176: Provisions Regarding State Legislatures
• Powers and Elections
  • Article 177: Rights of Ministers to Attend and Speak in the Legislative Assembly
  • Article 178: Provisions Regarding the Speaker and Deputy Speaker
  • Article 179: Provisions Regarding Elections

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7. Part VII: The States in the Union (Articles 238-241)

• Statehood and Administration
  • Article 238: Provisions Relating to the Administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
  • Article 239: Power of Parliament to Make Provisions for Administration of Scheduled Areas

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8. Part VIII: The Union Territories (Articles 239-242)

• Administration of Union Territories
  • Article 239: Administration of Union Territories
  • Article 239A: Creation of Local Legislatures or Council of Ministers or Both for Certain Union Territories
  • Article 239AA: Special Provisions with Respect to Delhi
  • Article 239AB: Provision in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery
• Regulations and High Courts
  • Article 240: Power of President to Make Regulations for Certain Union Territories
  • Article 241: High Courts for Union Territories
  • Article 242: Coorg (Repealed)

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9. Part IX: The Panchayats (Articles 243-243O)

• Constitution and Structure
  • Article 243: Definitions
  • Article 243A: Gram Sabha
  • Article 243B: Constitution of Panchayats
  • Article 243C: Composition of Panchayats
  • Article 243D: Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Women
  • Article 243E: Duration of Panchayats
  • Article 243F: Disqualifications for Membership
• Elections and Powers
  • Article 243G: Powers, Authority, and Responsibilities of Panchayats
  • Article 243H: Composition of Panchayat at Different Levels
  • Article 243I: State Election Commission
  • Article 243J: Elections to the Panchayats
  • Article 243K: Conduct of Elections

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10. Part X: The Scheduled and Tribal Areas (Articles 244-244A)

• Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
  • Article 244: Provisions Relating to Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes
  • Article 244A: Formation of a State of Nagaland

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11. Part XI: Relations between the Union and the States (Articles 245-263)

• Legislative Relations
  • Article 245: Parliament’s Power to Make Laws for the Whole or Any Part of the Territory of India
  • Article 246: Subject Matter of Laws Made by Parliament and by the Legislatures of States
  • Article 247: Power of Parliament to Provide for the Establishment of Certain Additional Courts
  • Article 248: Residuary Powers
• Administrative Relations
  • Article 256: Obligation of States and the Union
  • Article 257: Control of the Union over States in Certain Cases
  • Article 258: Power of the Union to Delegate Functions to the States
  • Article 259: Power of the President to Make Regulations

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12. Part XII: Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits (Articles 265-300)

• Financial Provisions
  • Article 265: Taxes Not to be Levied Except by Authority of Law
  • Article 266: Consolidated Funds and Public Accounts of India
  • Article 267: Interpretation
• Contracts and Property
  • Article 268: Taxes Imposed by the Union but Collected by the States
  • Article 269: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Union and Assigned to the States
  • Article 270: Taxes Levied and Collected by the Union and the States

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13. Part XIII: Trade, Commerce and Intercourse within the Territory of India (Articles 301-307)

• Freedom of Trade and Commerce
  • Article 301: Freedom of Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse
  • Article 302: Power of Parliament to Impose Restrictions on Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse
  • Article 303: Restrictions on Legislative Power of the Union and States

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14. Part XIV: Services under the Union and the States (Articles 308-323)

• Public Services
  • Article 308: Application of the Provisions of this Part
  • Article 309: Recruitment and Conditions of Service
  • Article 310: Tenure of Office of Persons Serving the Union or States
  • Article 311: Dismissal, Removal, or Reduction in Rank

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15. Part XV: Elections (Articles 324-329)

• Elections and Commission
  • Article 324: Superintendence, Direction, and Control of Elections to the Parliament and to the Legislatures of States
  • Article 325: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States
  • Article 326: Elections to the House of the People and to the Legislative Assemblies of States

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16. Part XVI: Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes (Articles 330-342)

• Reservation of Seats
  • Article 330: Reservation of Seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the House of the People
  • Article 331: Representation of the Anglo-Indian Community in the House of the People

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17. Part XVII: Official Language (Articles 343-351)

• Languages of the Union
  • Article 343: Official Language of the Union
  • Article 344: Commission and Committee of Parliament on Official Language

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18. Part XVIII: Emergency Provisions (Articles 352-360)

• Emergency Provisions
  • Article 352: Proclamation of Emergency
  • Article 356: Provisions in Case of Failure of Constitutional Machinery in States
  • Article 360: Provisions Regarding Financial Emergency

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19. Part XIX: Miscellaneous (Articles 361-367)

• Miscellaneous Provisions
  • Article 361: Protection of President and Governors

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20. Part XX: Amendment of the Constitution (Article 368)

• Amendment Process
  • Article 368: Power of Parliament to Amend the Constitution

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21. Part XXI: Temporary, Transitional and Special Provisions (Articles 369-371J)

• Transitional Provisions
  • Article 370: Temporary Provisions with Respect to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
  • Article 371: Special Provisions for Certain States

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22. Part XXII: Short Title, Commencement, and Repeals (Articles 372-395)

• Short Title and Commencement
  • Article 372: Continuance of Existing Laws

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